Modern cars have 100+ ECUs (Electronic Control Units). The Infotainment system is connected to the Brakes via the CAN Bus. This segmentation is often weak.
GPS Spoofing
A car relies on GPS to know where it is.
Attackers can transmit a stronger fake GPS signal (using a HackRF).
This tricks the car into thinking it is on a highway, when it is actually driving into a wall.
1. Phantom Object Attacks
Projecting an image of a stop sign on a billboard for 0.1 seconds (split second).
Humans don't see it (persistence of vision).
The car's camera captures it and slams on the brakes.
This causes pile-ups behind the autonomous vehicle.
2. OTA Updates
Car manufacturers send Over-The-Air updates to fix bugs.
If a hacker compromises the Update Server signing key, they can push malicious firmware to every car in the fleet simultaneously.